What is different between 懂，明白，了解

懂，明白，了解，three of them have the same meaning on clearly understand ,to understand,to realize,
but 了解 has another meaning : to find out ,or to put it another way, 了解 is a transitive verb.
1 我想了解一下关于整个事情的事实
i want to learn the fact about the whole thing
2 据我了解,你的意图仍然悬而未决
As I understand, your intentions are still pending
3 对于这个自然现象，科学家还需要更多的了解。
Scientists also need to learn more about this natural phenomenon
so we usually us 懂，明白 ask question: do you understand? and anwser the question in same way both yes or not .
你明白/懂了吗？
我明白/懂了 or 我不明白/懂

我懂了 我明白了 我了解了 r almost the same. u can tell ur teacher one of them when u get the meaning of what he/she says after u ask him/her questions

I think 了解 is more like when you have known or wanna know the whole story of something and more formal.
懂 and 明白 both can mean i got it. 我明白/懂了 but 懂 is kind of more informal.
you have to look up the dictionary for their different usages.

here is the detailed explanation,
懂 vs 了解 vs 明白
https://www.cchatty.com/grammar/127914