Chinese grammatical terms

Chinese grammatical terms

- 汉语语法术语表

1, 词类, words

1) 实词, notional words

名词, noun

普通名词, common noun

专有名词, proper noun

集合名词, collective noun

抽象名词, abstract noun

时间名词, time noun

处所名词, place noun

方位词, noun of locality

动词, verb

动作动词, action verb

状态动词/情态动词, modal verb

关系动词, relation verb

能愿动词, optative verb (助动词, auxiliary verb)

(情态助词, 情态动词, 情态助动词, modal auxiliary verb）

趋向动词, direction verb

离合动词, separable verb

动词重叠, reduplication of verb
 

及物动词, transitive verb

不及物动词, intransitive verb

心理动词, psychology verb

数词, numeral

基数词, cardinal numeral (整数, 小数, 分数, 倍数)

序数词, ordinal numeral

量词, measure word

名量词, nominal measure words

动量词, verbal measure words

代词, pronoun

人称代词, the personal pronoun

指示代词, the demonstrative pronoun

疑问代词, the interrogative pronoun

形容词, adjective

形容词重叠, reduplication of adjective

2) 虚词, functional word

副词, adverb

范围副词, adverb of scope

程度副词, adverb of degree

时间副词, adverb of time

频率副词, adverb of frequency

肯定副词, adverb of affirmation

否定副词, adverb of negation

情态副词, modal adverb

语气副词, adverb of mood

方式副词, adverb of manner

地点副词, adverb of place

关系副词, relative adverb

介词, preposition

表示时间, indicating time

表示处所, indicating place

表示方向, indicating direction

表示对象, indicating object

表示原因和目的, indicating reason

表示方式, indicating manner

表示被动, indicating the passive

表示比较, indicating comparison

表示排除, indicating exclusion

助词, particle

结构助词, structural particle

动态助词, aspectual particle
 

语气助词, modal particle/interjection

连词, conjunction

表示并列, indicating coordination

表示因果, indicating causality

表示条件, indicating condition

表示假设, indicating supposition

表示推论判断, indicating inference

表示转折, indicating transition

表示让步, indicating concession

表示选择, indicating alternative

表示列举, indicating enumeration

表示紧接相承, indicating succession

表示进一步, indicating progression

叹词, interjection
 

象声词, onomatope

3) Affixes

词头, prefixes

词尾, suffixes

4) Those 的 are must be needed

名词 - 表示领属关系, express genitive

名词 - 表示时间, express time

名词 - 表示处所, express place

代词 - 表示方式、式样, express ways and styles

形容词 - 修饰单音词的双音词重叠形式

数词 - 在表示数目的词语前, before the number of words

2, 词组, phrase

联合词组, the coordinative phrase

主谓词组, the subject-predicate phrase

动宾词组, the verb-object phrase

偏正词组, the endocentric phrase

数量词组, the numeral-measure word phrase

补充词组, the complementary phrase

方位词组, the phrase of the locality

同位词组, the appositive phrase

固定词组, the set phrase

介词结构 (介宾词组), the prepositional phrase

“的”字结构, the 的-phrase

3, 句法成分, sentence elements

主语, subject

谓语, predicate

宾语, object

双宾语, double objects

直接宾语, direct object

间接宾语, indirect object

复合宾语, complex object

同源宾语, cognate object

定语, attributive

状语, adverbial adjunct

补语, complement

结果补语, the complement of result
 

程度补语, the complement of degree

数量补语, the complement of quantity

动量补语, the complement of frequency

时量补语, the complement of the duration of time

趋向补语, the complement of direction
 

简单趋向补语, the complement of simple directional

复合趋向补语, the complement of compound directional

可能补语, the complement of potentiality
 

介词短语补语, the complement of the prepositional phrase
 

情态补语, the complement of modal

状态补语, the complement of state

关联词语, correlative word
 

被修饰语 (中心语), modified word

修饰语, modifier 
 

同位语, appositive

4, 单句, the simple sentence

简单句, simple sentence

并列句, compound sentence

陈述句, declarative sentence

疑问句, interrogative sentence

一般疑问句, general question

特殊疑问句, special question

是非疑问句, yes-no question
 

正反疑问句, affirmative-negative question
 

特指疑问句, questions using interrogative pronouns

选择疑问句, alternative question

动词谓语句, the sentence with verbal predicates

单宾语动词谓语句, the sentence with a transitive verb predicate

双宾语动词谓语句, the sentence with a ditransitive verb predicate

形容词谓语句, the sentence with adjectival predicates

名词谓语句, the sentence with nominal predicates

主谓谓语句, the sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as the predicate

非主谓句, the Non-Subject-Predicate sentences

无主语, subjectless sentences

独语句, one-word/phrase sentence

省略句/简略句, elliptical sentence

反问句, rhetorical question

祈使句, imperative sentence

感叹句, exclamatory sentence

存在句, existential sentence

肯定句, positive sentence

否定句, negative sentence

5, 从句, clause

从属句, subordinate clause

并列句, coordinate clause

名词从句, nominal clause

定语从句, attributive clause

状语从句, adverbial clause

宾语从句, object clause

主语从句, subject clause

同位语从句, appositive clause

时间状语从句, the adverbial clause of time

地点状语从句, the adverbial clause of place

方式状语从句, the adverbial clause of manner

让步状语从句, the adverbial clause of concession

原因状语从句, the adverbial clause of cause

结果状语从句, the adverbial clause of result

目的状语从句, the adverbial clause of purpose

条件状语从句, the adverbial clause of condition

真实条件状语从句, the adverbial clause of the real condition

非真实条件状语从句, the adverbial clause of unreal condition

含蓄条件句, the adverbial clause of the implied condition

错综条件句, the adverbial clause of mixed condition

语气, mood

陈述语气, indicative mood

祈使语气, imperative mood

虚拟语气, subjunctive mood

语序, order

6, 动作的状态, aspects of an action

动作的进行态, the progressive aspect of an action

动作的持续态, the continuous aspect of an action

动作的完成态, the perfect aspect of an action

动作的变化态, the changing aspect of an action

动作的经历态, the actions as past experience

7, 特殊的动词谓语句, sentences with special verbal predicates

“是”字句, the 是-sentence

“有” 字句, the 有-sentence

“把”字句, the 把-sentence

“被”字句, the 被-sentence

连动句, the sentence with verbal constructions in series

存现句 existential sentence

兼语句 pivotal sentence

8, 表示比较的方法, ways of expressing comparison

“比”表示比较, 比 to express comparison

“跟”表示比较, 跟 to express comparison

“有”表示比较, 有 to express comparison

“像”表示比较, 像 to express comparison

“不如”表示比较, 不如 to express comparison

“越来越”表示比较, 越来越 to express comparison

9, 表示强调的方法, ways of expressing emphasis

疑问代词表示强调, interrogative pronouns to express emphasis

“连……都（也）”表示强调, 连……都（也）to express emphasis

副词“是”表示强调, the adverb 是 to express emphasis

副词“就”表示强调, the adverb 就 to express emphasis

两次否定表示强调, double negation to express emphasis

“是……的”表示强调, 是……的 to express emphasis

10, 复句, complex sentences

1) 并列复句, coordinate complex sentences

联合关系, coordinative relation

承接关系, successive relation

递进关系, progressive relation

选择关系, alternative relation

2) 偏正复句, subordinate complex sentences

转折关系, adverse relation

因果关系, causative relation

条件关系, conditional relation

假设关系, hypothetical relation

让步关系, concessive relation

目的关系, purposive relation

取舍关系, preference relation

3)

多重复句, multiple complex sentences

紧缩复句, the contracted sentence

10, 其它, others

否定式, negative form
 

肯定式, affirmative form

连动结构, verb constructions in series

感情色彩, emotional coloring

褒义, commendatory

贬义, derogatory

幽默, humorous

讽刺, sarcastic

句法, syntax

词法, morphology

结构, structure

强调, emphasis

语调, intonation

语音, pronunciation

声调, tones

重音, stress

升调, rising tone

降调, falling tone

受事者, receiver of the action

施事者, doer of the action