Teaching Chinese
 
  Jul 12  •  897 read 

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HÀN NG Mali có hoa võ 60 9. Liệu Mary cũng sẽ học võ thuật phải không? 10. Nukej ne gr đã nói gì? Mike Maik kể lại mary MOR M M Đây là Mike và đó là cô Zhang. Mike học võ và rất nghiêm túc. Thầy Zhang là thầy dạy võ của anh. Khi Mary đến, cô ấy hỏi Zhongông looshĩ shì tă de wűshù giàshí, hỏi rằng liệu thầy Zhang có khó học võ không. Thầy Trương nói: “Nón, yẽ ​​bù khó lắm”. "Mary không hiểu. Cô Zhang nói: "Không học chăm chỉ thì khó lắm đấy." Mãi bù đồng. "Mary hiểu ý. Cô nói: "Thầy Trương, em rènzhën xué jiù bù nón." xuéxí wüshù, rènzhên xué, huānyíng ma?” Zhang lǎoshī shuō: lúa mì "Chào mừng! Chào mừng!" "Huanying! Huanying!" 4. đối thoại Đối thoại Mary: Mike, đợi một chút! Bạn đang lái xe tới đâu? Màikè, děng yihuir! Ni kãi rời qù năr? Mike: Đi đến ngân hàng. Maikė: Qu yínháng. Mary: Tôi cũng đến ngân hàng. Tôi ngồi trên tài sản của bạn Măli: Wõ yẽ qù yínhăng. Được rồi? sao ma? 36.Agency Number for Chinese Government ScholarshipHow to Express the Verb “Can” in Chinese (A Huge Can of Worms!) How to translate “can” depends on its meaning. To express “can”/“know how to,” use huì 会: I can/know how to speak Chinese. Wǒ huì shuō Hànyǔ. 我会说汉语。 I can/know how to play the piano. Wǒ huì tán gāngqín. 我会弹钢琴。 To express “can”/”able to” (physically), use néng 能: I’m very strong and can do mountain climbing. Wǒ hěn zhuàng, wǒ néng páshān. 我很壮，我能爬山。 I have a heart condition and can’t run. Wǒ yǒu xīnzàngbìng, bùnéng pǎo. 我有心脏病，不能跑。 THEREFORE: My little brother is eight months old. He can’t speak. Wǒ xiǎo dìdi bāge yuè, búhuì shuōhuà. 我小弟弟八个月，不会说话。 BUT: My little sister is a deaf-mute. She can’t speak. Wǒ mèimei shì lóngyǎ rén, tā bù néng shuōhuà. 我妹妹是聋哑人，她不能说话。 To express “can”/“may”/”are permitted to,” use kěyǐ 可以: We can/may/are permitted to speak Chinese in Chinese class; we may not speak English. Zài shàng Hànyǔ kè shí, wǒmen kěyǐ shuō Hànyǔ, bùkěyǐ shuō Yīngyǔ. 在上汉语课时，我们可以说汉语，不可以说英语。 Use resultative endings to express “can” and “can’t.” There are many verbs in Chinese that do not use huì 会 or néng 能 to express the ability to do something. Rather, according to what type of verb they are, many of them take a special resultative ending to express the idea of “can”/ “able to.” Below is a list of the most commonly used of these types of verbs: Verbs of Senses: -jiàn 见 or -dào 到 can see kàndejiàn or kàndedào 看得见 or 看得到 can’t see kànbujiàn or kànbudào 看不见 or 看不到 can hear tīngdejiàn or tīngdedào 听得见 or 听得到 can’t hear tīngbujiàn or tīngbudào 听不见 or 听不到 can smell wéndejiàn or wéndedào 闻得见 or 闻得到 can’t smell wénbujiàn or wénbudào 闻不见 or 闻不到 BUT: can taste ✔ CC: chángdedào 尝得到 ✖ BC: chángdejiàn 尝得见 can’t taste chángbudào 尝不到 AND: can touch/feel ✔ CC: mōdedào 摸得到 ✖ BC: mōdejiàn 摸得见 can’t touch/feel mōbudào 摸不到 To express “can or can’t understand by ____ing,” use - dǒng -懂: can understand (by reading) kàndedǒng 看得懂 can’t understand kànbudǒng 看不懂 can understand (by listening) tīngdedǒng 听得懂 can’t understand tīngbudǒng 听不懂 To express “___ clearly,” use -qīngchu 清楚: can see clearly kàndeqīngchu 看得清楚 can’t see clearly kànbuqīngchu 看不清楚 can hear clearly tīngdeqīngchu 听得清楚 can’t hear clearly tīngbuqīngchu 听不清楚 To express successful completion of an action, use -zháo 着 or -dào 到: can find zhǎodezháo or zhǎodedào 找得着 or 找得到 can’t find zhǎobuzháo or zhǎobudào 找不着 or 找不到 can buy mǎidezháo or mǎidedào 买得着 or 买得到 can’t buy (because not available) mǎibuzháo or mǎibudào 买不着 or 买不到 To express the ability to do something physical, use -liǎo 了: can carry nádeliǎo 拿得了 can’t carry nábuliǎo 拿不了 can say (physically able to say) shuōdeliǎo 说得了 can’t say shuōbuliǎo 说不了 To express “can afford to,” use -qǐ 起: can afford to buy mǎideqǐ 买得起 can’t afford to buy mǎibuqǐ 买不起 can afford to pay fùdeqǐ 付得起 can’t afford to pay fùbuqǐ 付不起 can afford to face someone (figuratively) duìdeqǐ 对得起 can’t afford to face someone (because you’ve done something shameful) duìbuqǐ 对不起 To express “can ___ up,” use -qǐlái 起来: can pick up nádeqǐlái 拿得起来 can’t pick up nábuqǐlái 拿不起来 can pull up lādeqǐlái 拉得起来 can’t pull up lābuqǐlái 拉不起来 can stand up zhàndeqǐlái 站得起来 can’t stand up zhànbuqǐlái 站不起来 To express “can ___ out,” use -chūlái 出来: can take out nádechūlái 拿得出来 can’t take out nábuchūlái 拿不出来 can speak out shuōdechūlái 说得出来 can’t speak out shuōbuchūlái 说不出来 To express “keep/remain ___ in,” use -zhù 住: can hold on to nádezhù 拿得住 can’t hold on to nábuzhù 拿不住 can keep standing zhàndezhù 站得住 can’t keep standing; zhànbuzhù 站不住 To express “can finish doing something,” use -wán 完: can finish doing something zuòdewán 做得完 can finish speaking/saying something shuōdewán 说得完 To negate all these, replace de 得 with bu 不, as in previous examples. To express “to ___ up(stairs),” use shànglái 上来 or shàngqu 上去: to walk up(stairs) [to where the speaker currently is] zǒushàng(lóu)lái 走上 (楼) 来 to walk up(stairs) [away from where the speaker is] zǒushàng(lóu)qù 走上 (楼) 去 to run up(stairs) [to where the speaker is] pǎoshàng(lóu)lái 跑上 (楼) 来 to run up(stairs) [away from where the speaker is] pǎoshàng (lóu) qù 跑上 (楼) 去 To express “to ____ down(stairs),” use xiàlái 下来 or xiàqu下去: to walk down(stairs) [to where the speaker is] zǒuxià (lóu) lái 走下 (楼) 来 to walk down(stairs) [away from the speaker] zǒuxià (lóu) qù 走下 (楼) 去How to translate “to ask” depends on the meaning of “ask”: wèn 问 vs. qǐng 请 vs. jiào 叫 To “ask” (a question) or “inquire,” use wèn 问： I asked him whether you were coming or not. ✔ CC: Wǒ wèn tā nǐ lái bùlái. 我问他你来不来。 ✖ BC: Wǒ wènle tā nǐ lái bùlái. 我问了他你来不来。 To “ask/invite” (someone to do something), use qǐng 请： I asked/invited her to eat dinner with me. Wǒ qǐng tā gēn wǒ chī wǎnfàn. 我请她跟我吃晚饭。 To “ask/tell” (somebody to do something), use jiào 叫: I asked my little sister to phone me: Wǒ jiào wǒ mèimei gěi wǒ dǎ diànhua. 我叫我妹妹给我打电话。 NOTE: jiào 叫 is only used in regard to people who are younger or in a lower social position than the person asking or telling them to do something. It therefore cannot be used to ask or tell a parent, teacher, boss, or official to do something. In those cases, qǐng 请 would be used. I asked my mother to call (phone) me. ✔ CC: Wǒ qǐng wǒ māma gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà. 我请我妈妈给我打电话。 ✖ BC: Wǒ jiào wǒ māma gěi wǒ dǎ diànhuà. 我叫我妈妈给我打电话。“I don’t think that . . . ”: don’t even THINK about using bùxiǎng 不想！ In English, we say: “I don’t think (that) he’s coming tonight” or “I don’t think (that) what he said is right.” But in Chinese, you cannot say “I don’t think that . . . ,” because, to the Chinese way of thinking, how can you have an opinion if you don’t think?! I don’t think (that) he’s coming tonight. ✔ CC: Wǒ xiǎng tā jīntiān wǎnshang búhuì lái. 我想他今天晚上不会来。 ✖ BC: Wǒ bùxiǎng tā jīntiān wǎnshang huì lái. 我不想他今天晚上会来。 I don’t think (that) what he said is right. ✔ CC: Wǒ xiǎng tā shuōde búduì. 我想他说得不对。 ✖ BC: Wǒ bùxiǎng tā shuōde duì 我不想他说得对 。 BUT, we do use bùxiǎng 不想 WHEN we mean that we don’t feel like doing something or don’t intend to do something. I don’t feel like going/don’t intend to go. Wǒ bùxiǎng qù. 我不想去。 I don’t feel like eating it. Wǒ bùxiǎng chī 我不想吃。How to translate “to tell” depends on the meaning of “tell”: shuō 说 vs. jiǎng 讲 vs. jiào 叫 vs. gàosu 告诉 vs. ràng 让. To “tell,” in the sense of to “say” something to someone, use shuō 说： She told me she loved me. Tā duì wǒ shuō tā ài wǒ. 她对我说她爱我。 To “tell” (a story), use jiǎng 讲： She told a strange story. Tā jiǎng le yíge hěn qíguàide gùshi. 她讲了一个很奇怪的故事。 To “tell” (someone to do something), use jiào 叫: She told me to call her. Tā jiào wǒ gěi tā dǎ diànhuà. 她叫我给她打电话。 To “tell”/“inform” (someone about something), use gàosu 告诉： My Mom told me my dog died: Wǒ māma gàosu wǒ wǒde gǒu sǐle. 我妈妈告诉我我的狗死了。 To “tell”/“have”/”make” (someone do something), use ràng 让： My Mom told me/made me/had me study. Wǒ māma ràng wǒ niànshū. 我妈妈让我念书。Inverted/Palindromic Words I’m sure you’ve noticed in your Chinese studies that there are some words for which you can switch the order of the characters and get a new word! In Chinese, these can be called 倒序词. I’ve put together a list of 20 倒序词 pairs, most of which I’ve stumbled across over the past couple of years. It’s so interesting to see the relationships between the words! 牙刷 yáshuā - toothbrush 一把牙刷 刷牙 shuā//yá - to brush one’s teeth 我每天睡觉前刷牙。 开放 kāifàng - to bloom / to open / to be open (to the public) / to open up (to the outside) / to be open-minded / unrestrained by convention 图书馆从上午9点开放到下午6点。 放开 fàng//kāi - to let go / to release 妈妈放开了女儿的手。 喜欢 xǐhuan - to like / to be fond of 你喜欢不喜欢中国音乐？ 欢喜 huānxǐ - happy / joyous / delighted / to like / to be fond of 她心跳加速，满心欢喜。 著名 zhùmíng - famous / noted / well-known / celebrated 我们的中文老师是一位著名的小说家。 名著 míngzhù - masterpiece, famous book, celebrated work 我最近读的名著有点太多了。 犯罪 fàn//zuì - to commit a crime / crime / offense 听到她的犯罪历史，我大吃一惊。 罪犯 zuìfàn - criminal 警察还没有抓到那些罪犯。 事故 shìgù - accident 事故的原因还在调查之中。 故事 gùshì - old practice || gùshi - narrative / story / tale 这是一个真实的故事。 女儿 nǚ'ér - daughter 他们的三个孩子都是女儿，没有儿子。 儿女 érnǚ - children / sons and daughters 儿女有赡养老人的义务。 蜜蜂 mìfēng - bee / honeybee 一只蜜蜂 蜂蜜 fēngmì - honey 一罐蜂蜜 讲演 jiǎngyǎn - to lecture / to speak publicly 他的讲演你听了没有？ 演讲 yǎnjiǎng - lecture / to make a speech 演讲深深地打动了听众。 适合 shìhé - to fit / to suit 这种电影不适合儿童看。 合适 héshì - suitable / fitting / appropriate 这个词用在这里不合适。 代替 dàitì - to replace / to take the place of 你要是自己不能去，可以找个人来代替。 替代 tìdài - to substitute for / to replace / to supersede 他在这家公司被认为是不可替代的。 感情 gǎnqíng - emotion / sentiment / affection / feelings between two persons 你要理解她的感情。 情感 qínggǎn - feeling / emotion / to move (emotionally) 我们之间的情感很深。 语言 yǔyán - language 学一门语言，就是多一个观察世界的窗户。 言语 yányǔ - words / speech / (spoken) language || yányu - to speak / to tell 他这个人不爱言语。 人情 rénqíng - human emotions / social relationship / friendship / favor / a good turn 他很重人情，朋友的事总是愿意帮忙。 情人 qíngrén - lover / sweetheart 他始终爱着初恋的情人。 带领 dàilǐng - to guide / to lead 老师带领同学们去参观博物馆。 领带 lǐngdài - necktie 一条领带 愿意 yuànyì - to wish / to want / ready / willing (to do sth) 父母都愿意自己的孩子幸福。 意愿 yìyuàn - aspiration / wish / desire 他们违抗父母的意愿结婚了。 人名 rénmíng - personal name 这些外国人名和地名都译了音。 名人 míngrén - personage / celebrity 这个名人的手笔值几千块。 笔画 bǐhuà - strokes of a Chinese character 这个字笔画太多。 画笔 huàbǐ - paintbrush 一支画笔 生产 shēngchǎn - to produce / to manufacture / to give birth to a child 这家工厂去年生产一万辆汽车。 产生 chǎnshēng - to arise / to come into being / to come about / to give rise to / to bring into being / to bring about / to produce / to engender / to generate / to appear / appearance / emergence / generation / production / yield 新科技的应用产生了一些新的社会问题。 实现 shíxiàn - to achieve / to implement / to realize / to bring about 她实现了当演员的愿望。 现实 xiànshí - reality / actuality / real / actual / realistic / pragmatic / materialistic / self-interested 现实往往不那么美好。“To know”: zhīdao 知道 vs. rènshi 认识 vs. huì 会 To say “to know a fact” or “to know of someone,” use zhīdao 知道: I know (that) she’s Chinese. Wǒ zhīdao tā shì Zhōngguó rén. 我知道她是中国人。 I know of (have heard of) her. Wǒ zhīdao tā. 我知道她。 When you mean “to know a person, place, or Chinese character” or “to meet someone,” use rènshi 认识： I know that professor. Wǒ rènshi nèige jiàoshòu. 我认识那个教授。 I know that character. Wǒ rènshi nàge zì. ✔ CC: 我认识那个字。 ✖ BC: 我知道那个字。 SO: I know of that professor, but I don’t know him personally. Wǒ zhīdao nèige jiàoshou, dànshi wǒ búrènshi tā. 我知道那个教授，但是我不认识他。 I know that painting. ✔ CC: Wǒ zhīdao nàzhāng huà. 我知道那张画。 ✖ BC: Wǒ rènshi nàzhāng huà. 我认识那张画。 To say “know how to do something,” use huì 会: My wife really knows how to cook. Wǒ tàitai zhēn huì zuòfàn. 我太太真会做饭。 I know how to write some Chinese characters. Wǒ huì xiě yīxie Hànzì. 我会写一些汉字。“To want/would like (to do something)”: xiǎng 想 vs. yào 要 vs. xiǎngyào 想要 When you say you want something, whether a concrete object like a car or something abstract like friendship, you cannot use xiǎng 想. When the word “want” is followed by a noun, you must use either yào 要 or xiǎngyào 想要. I’d like a bottle of beer. ✔ CC: Wǒ yào yìpíng píjiǔ. 我要一瓶啤酒。 OR: ✔ CC: Wǒ xiǎngyào yìpíng píjiǔ. 我想要一瓶啤酒。 ✖ BC: Wǒ xiǎng yìpíng píjiǔ. 我想一瓶啤酒。 I am thinking of a bottle of beer” rather than thinking of anything else! She wants a handsome boyfriend. ✔ CC: Tā yào yíge yīngjùnde nánpéngyou. 她要一个英俊的男朋友。 OR: ✔ CC: Tā xiǎngyào yíge yīngjùnde nánpéngyou. 她想要一个英俊的男朋友。 ✖ BC: Tā xiǎng yíge yīngjùnde nánpéngyou. 她想一个英俊的男朋友。 She is thinking of a handsome boyfriend. BUT, when you want or would like to do something, i.e., when the word “want” is followed by a verb, you may use xiǎng 想 as a softer, more polite way to say yào 要: I’d like to drink a bottle of beer. Wǒ xiǎng hē yìpíng píjiǔ. 我想喝一瓶啤酒。 She’d like to find a handsome boyfriend. Tā xiǎng zhǎo yíge yīngjùnde nánpéngyou. 她想找一个英俊的男朋友。 ALSO, be aware that when you use yào 要 to tell someone you want something, it is tantamount to a direct command. You may say to a waiter: I want (a) broccoli beef. Wǒ yào yíge jièlán niúròu. 我要一个芥兰牛肉 。 BUT it would soften your wishes and be more polite to say: I would like (a) broccoli beef. Wǒ xiǎngyào yíge jièlán niúròu. 我想要一个芥兰牛肉 。Helping Verbs (Prepositions in English) Gěi 给, meaning “to give,” also functions as a helping verb Gei 给 can mean “to do something for someone”: I cooked dinner for my friends. Wǒ gěi wǒde péngyou zuò le wǎnfàn. 我给我的朋友做了晚饭 Gěi 给 is used in communication (phone calls, letters, etc.) to indicate the person to whom the communication is sent: I phoned (to) my mother. Wǒ gěi wǒ mǔqin dǎ le diànhuà. 我给我母亲打了电话。 I wrote a letter to my mother. Wǒ gěi wǒ mǔqin xiě le yìfēng xìn. 我给我母亲写了一封信。 BUT, as the main verb, gěi 给 simply means “to give”: I give my little sister money. Wǒ gěi wǒ mèimei qián. 我给我妹妹钱。