一、 草埔人街的来历
草埔唐人街位于雅加达北部,被当地人称为“裹踱刻(Glodok)”, 通常又称“班芝兰(Pancoran)”是印尼最大的唐人街。近代时,下南洋方向的移民大多数居留在东南亚地区。例如:印尼,马来西亚,新加坡等东南亚其他国家。草埔唐人街的华人小社会由广东和福建移民为主。因此,这里的传统建筑以及风俗习惯都受到了广东和福建文化的很大影响,成为了闽粤文化的集中地。
根据历史记载,草铺唐人街是在荷兰殖民者侵占领印尼后出现的。当时,荷兰殖民者跟居住在巴达维亚(当今雅加达)的印尼华人发生了冲突。荷兰政府把印尼华人视为荷兰殖民者统治的威胁,因此1740年荷兰政府进行反华政策,接下来发生的是“红溪惨案“,对华人大规模屠杀和疯狂掠夺的案件。然后,为了加强对华人的监督,剩下的华人幸存者被荷兰政府转移到严密监视的地区。这个地区成为了今天的草埔唐人街。
二、 草埔唐人街的传统建筑
作为印尼最大的唐人街,草埔唐人街具有深厚的文化底蕴。草埔唐人街依然保留着一些传统建筑,例如:寺庙和教堂。这些建筑受到了中国传统文化,西方和当地文化的影响,这些传统建筑亦反映了印尼华人信仰与习俗。以下这几个华人传统建筑的传承:
(一)华人寺庙
随着时间流逝,有很多印尼华人寺庙不复存在,只有少数寺庙保留到现在。虽然如此,在草埔唐人街有一座寺庙吸引了很多学者与旅行者的注意。这座寺庙称之为金德院(Klenteng Dharma Bakti)。金德院是草埔唐人街最古老的华人寺庙。根据记载,该寺庙1650年,由下南洋移民的闽南人建的,当初名为观音亭,后来改为金德院。寺庙内供奉的神分为两种,华人普遍信仰的神明与地方性神,体现了闽南人的信仰。建筑的形式与风格受到福建传统建筑的影响。因此这座寺庙具有浓郁的闽南人传统文化与风俗。至今,尤其华人传统节日的时候,很多当地华人来这里拜神烧香。庄严肃穆的金德院寺庙依然成为当地华人的朝圣之地。
(二)华人天主教教堂
草埔唐人街有一座很独特天主教教堂,这座教堂被称为St. Maria De Fatima 教堂。印度尼西亚唯一带有浓郁中式建筑的天主教教堂,教堂内部和外部有许多华人传统的装饰,现在也成为了国家文化遗产之一。该建筑建立于1850年,当初,这座建筑只是一座富华人的房子。根据记载,1954年,被Pater Wilhelmus Krause Van Eiden Sj收购,而转为天主教教堂。至今,大部分的建筑还保留着华人传统建筑的风格。另外,该教堂依然使用印尼语和普通话进行弥撒。
三、唐人街传统餐饮
“民以食为天”,中国人的吃文化,将“吃”排在第一,美食亦成为了草埔唐人街文化传承之一。当地华人对食物的赞美也是如此。草埔唐人街存在着一条有名街头小吃。通常成为章长盛。这条路上,有许多华人的店铺卖中国食品,例如:万宝巧克力,腊肉,牛轧糖,山楂片等。另外,这条路也体现了福建和广东非常丰富传统的美食,例如:广东卤味,莆田炒米粉,鱼丸等。这条路特别热闹,人山人海, 雅加达的华人络绎不绝来到这里只为了尝尝这条路的美食。
除了章章盛街之外,草埔唐人街有两家百年历史的茶馆。第一个是带有中式和三面临街的建筑---“汲泉茶舍”,这家茶馆有各种各样的中国茶。另外一座茶馆,则是“德记茶室”,茶馆内装饰着传统旧木椅子,每个早晨可以看到喝传统热茶和咖啡的老人。至今,这两家茶馆仍然保留着中国人的茶馆文化,也体现出华人饮茶习惯的传承。
四、中文图书的书店
虽然印度尼西亚是华人最多的国家,但是中文图书书店十分罕见,这是因为从1965年到1998年,印尼政府推行了排华政策。当时为了将印尼华人同化,印尼政府禁止所有华人文化的活动,包括中文图书书店在内。草铺唐人街的联通书局是唯一能营业的中文图书书店,也是唯一卖中国大陆图书的书店。但是很遗憾,目前这家书店出现恶化趋势。因为32年对华文教育的禁令,使新一代的印尼华人对中文书籍不感兴趣,也不具备阅读中文书籍的能力,导致书店的销售量下降。
总结
最早一批来到印尼的下南洋移民者。离乡背井,经过千山万水,他们终于到达了印尼。分布在印尼的各个岛屿的华人,他们开始建立起属于他们的社区。作为开拓者,他们的生活极其容易,他们受尽千辛万苦,面临很多种种困难,歧视,甚至是屠杀。虽然经历许多挫折,但是他们依靠本身的智慧与不断地努力,慢慢地改变了自己的生活,还尽力地保持着华人的身份以及传统文化。草铺唐人街的文化传承体现了印尼华人的文化精神和品质,对中国传统道德和核心理念的坚守以及对于祖先的尊重。
目前,随着中国经济的发展日益上升,这对印尼的经济发展也有着很大的影响。印尼政府除了不再推行排华政策,还废除了所有歧视华人的政策,使印尼华人享有平等的权利。另外,印尼土著对华人的歧视慢慢减少,印尼华人的地位也逐渐提升,对华人文化的认同感也更加深厚。如今,印尼政府将国家各地区的唐人街指定为保护区而开始重建华人传统建筑。华人的传统文化如今也成为印度尼西亚的传统化文化的一部分。
Located in the north of Jakarta, Caopu Chinatown is known locally as Glodok, commonly known as Pancoran, Indonesia's largest Chinatown.
In modern times, most of the immigrants in the Lower Nanyang direction lived in Southeast Asia.
For example: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries.
The small Chinese community in Caopu Chinatown is dominated by Guangdong and Fujian immigrants.
Therefore, the traditional architecture and customs here have been greatly influenced by Guangdong and Fujian culture, and have become a concentration of Fujian and Guangdong culture.
According to historical records, Caopu Chinatown appeared after the Dutch colonists invaded Indonesia.
At that time, Dutch colonists clashed with the Indonesian Chinese living in Batavia in present-day Jakarta.
The Dutch government regarded the Indonesian Chinese as a threat to the Dutch colonialists, so in 1740 the Dutch government carried out an anti-Chinese policy, followed by the Red Creek Massacre, a case of mass murder and frenzied plundering of the Chinese.
Then, in order to strengthen the supervision of the Chinese, the remaining Chinese survivors were moved by the Dutch government to areas under close surveillance.
This area became today's Caopu Chinatown.
As the largest Chinatown in Indonesia, Caopu Chinatown has a profound cultural heritage.
Caopu Chinatown still has some traditional buildings, such as temples and churches.
These buildings are influenced by traditional Chinese culture, Western and local culture, which also reflect the beliefs and customs of the Chinese Indonesian.
The following are the inheritance of traditional Chinese architecture: Over time, many Indonesian Chinese temples have ceased to exist, and only a few temples have survived to the present.
Nevertheless, there is a temple in Caopu Chinatown that has attracted the attention of many scholars and travelers.
The temple is called Klenteng Dharma Bakti.
Jindeokwon is the oldest Chinese temple in Caopu Chinatown.
According to records, the temple was built in 1650 by Hokkien people who immigrated from Lower Nanyang, and was originally named Kannon-tei, and later changed to Jindeokwon.
The gods enshrined in the temple are divided into two types, the gods commonly believed in by the Chinese and the local gods, reflecting the beliefs of the Hokkien people.
The form and style of the building are influenced by traditional Fujian architecture.
Therefore, this temple has a strong traditional culture and customs of Hokkien people.
So far, especially during the traditional Chinese festival, many local Chinese come here to worship the gods and burn incense.
The solemn temple of Gendookwon is still a pilgrimage place for local Chinese.
There is a unique Catholic church in Caopu Chinatown, which is called St. Maria De Fatima.
The only Catholic church in Indonesia with a strong Chinese architecture, with many traditional Chinese decorations inside and outside, it is now also one of the national cultural heritage.
The building was built in 1850, when it was just a wealthy Chinese house.
According to records, in 1954, it was acquired by Pater Wilhelmus Krause Van Eiden Sj and converted into a Catholic church.
To this day, most of the buildings still retain the style of traditional Chinese architecture.
In addition, the church still uses Indonesian and Mandarin for mass.
The traditional caterers of Three Chinatowns regard food as the sky, and the Chinese eating culture ranks eating first, and food has become one of the cultural inheritances of Caopu Chinatown.
The same goes for the praise of food by the local Chinese.
There is a famous street food in Caopu Chinatown.
Usually becomes Zhang Changsheng.
Along this road, there are many Chinese shops selling Chinese food, such as: Wanbao chocolate, bacon, nougat, hawthorn slices, etc.
In addition, this road also reflects the very rich traditional cuisine of Fujian and Guangdong, such as: Cantonese marinade, Putian fried rice noodles, fish balls, etc.
This road is particularly lively, crowded with people, and Chinese from Jakarta come here in an endless stream just to taste the food of this road.
In addition to Zhangzhangsheng Street, Caopu Chinatown has two century-old teahouses.
The first is the Kiquan Tea House, a building with Chinese style and three facing streets, which serves a wide variety of Chinese teas.
Another teahouse is the Deji Tea Room, decorated with traditional old wooden chairs, and you can see old people drinking traditional hot tea and coffee every morning.
So far, these two teahouses still retain the Chinese tea house culture, which also reflects the inheritance of Chinese tea drinking habits.
Although Indonesia has the largest number Chinese of Chinese, Chinese bookstores are rare because the Indonesian government implemented a Chinese exclusion policy from 1965 to 1998.
At that time, in order to assimilate the Indonesian Chinese, the Indonesian government banned all Chinese cultural activities, including Chinese book stores.
The Unicom Bookstore in Caopu Chinatown is the only Chinese bookstore that can operate, and it is also the only bookstore that sells Chinese mainland books.
Unfortunately, the bookstore is currently deteriorating.
Because of the 32-year ban on Chinese education, the new generation of Indonesian Chinese is not interested in Chinese books and does not have the ability to read Chinese books, resulting in a decline in sales in bookstores.
Summarize the first batch of Lower Nanyang immigrants who came to Indonesia.
After leaving home and passing through thousands of mountains and rivers, they finally reached Indonesia.
The Chinese scattered throughout the Indonesian islands began to build their own communities.
As pioneers, their lives were extremely easy, they endured a lot of hardships, faced many difficulties, discrimination, and even massacres.
Although they have experienced many setbacks, they have slowly changed their lives by relying on their own wisdom and continuous efforts, and have tried their best to maintain their Chinese identity and traditional culture.
The cultural heritage of Caopu Chinatown reflects the cultural spirit and quality of Indonesian Chinese, adherence to traditional Chinese morality and core concepts, and respect for ancestors.
At present, with the rising development of China's economy, this also has a great impact on Indonesia's economic development.
In addition to no longer implementing Chinese exclusion policies, the Indonesian government has also abolished all policies that discriminate against Chinese, so that Indonesian Chinese enjoy equal rights.
In addition, the discrimination against Chinese by Indonesian natives has gradually decreased, the status of Indonesian Chinese has gradually improved, and their sense of identity with Chinese culture has become deeper.
Now, the Indonesian government has designated Chinatowns in various regions of the country as protected areas and has begun to rebuild traditional Chinese buildings.
The traditional culture of the Chinese is now also part of Indonesia's traditional culture.